THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF UZBEKISTAN
Keywords:
Ancient civilizations, territory of Uzbekistan, Bactria, Sogdiana, Khorezm, Fergana Valley, archaeological sites, urban development, irrigation systems, Great Silk RoadAbstract
The territory of Uzbekistan is considered one of the most ancient centers of human civilization. According to archaeological discoveries and written sources, traces of human presence in this region date back to the Paleolithic period (1–1.5 million years ago). This is confirmed by monuments found in the Selengur, Kulbulok, and Teshiktosh caves. During the Neolithic period (6th–4th millennia BCE), sedentary life and agriculture began to develop, and in the Bronze Age (3rd–1st millennia BCE), the first urban cultures were formed. At the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, the first state formations emerged on the territory of Uzbekistan: Ancient Bactria (southern regions, including Surkhandarya and Kashkadarya), Sogdiana (the Zarafshan Valley, around Samarkand and Bukhara), and Khorezm (the lower reaches of the Amu Darya).
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